Más de 2000 especies de insectos sirven de alimento a personas de todo el mundo. En los últimos años, la FAO y la Unión Europea promovieron la inclusión de insectos en las dietas por sus beneficios nutricionales, socioeconómicos y ambientales. En la Argentina, diferentes universidades, el INTA y el INTI investigan la producción de grillos para consumo humano y señalan que representa una gran oportunidad para la industria alimentaria. Los productos comestibles a base de insectos se aprobaron para alimentar ganado y ya hacen fila como fuente de proteínas para humanos en forma de pan, barras de cereal y pastas.
“El consumo de insectos y sus derivados se denomina entomofagia y se practica en todo el mundo desde hace décadas. En los últimos años, la investigación en el tema avanzó mucho. En el 2013, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, más conocida como la FAO, señaló que el consumo de insectos puede contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria y al ambiente”, explicó Julieta Di Meglio, egresada del Máster Internacional en Tecnología de Alimentos —MITA, de la Facultad de Agronomía de la UBA (FAUBA) y de la Universidad de Parma, Italia—. En su tesis abordó el caso del grillo Gryllus assimilis.
“Tanto el consumo como la producción de grillo tienen características atractivas. Poseen un contenido de proteína cercano al 60% —los cereales tienen alrededor de un 15%— y también aminoácidos esenciales, vitaminas, minerales y ácidos grasos. Son muy versátiles. Se pueden procesar e incorporar como polvo en distintos productos como barras de cereal, panificados y fideos, para mejorar sus propiedades nutricionales”, resaltó.
Por el lado de su cría y reproducción, se pueden alimentar de diversos sustratos y prácticamente transforman todo lo que consumen en biomasa. “Crecen muy rápido, ocupan poco espacio, consumen poca agua y alimento, y emiten muy escasos gases de efecto invernadero”, destacó Gabriela Gallardo, directora del trabajo de Di Meglio e investigadora en el Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos del INTA, quien participó en la elaboración del Informe ‘Producción de insectos para el consumo humano’ de la Red de Seguridad Alimentaria del CONICET.
Al día de hoy, ni el Servicio Nacional de Sanidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria —SENASA—, ni el Código Alimentario Argentino —la legislación que regula a nivel nacional la comercialización de todos los alimentos, las bebidas y los aditivos alimentarios— contemplan la cría, la faena, la comercialización o el consumo humano de insectos. Gallardo afirmó que el informe fue un paso importante para avanzar en su legislación. “Mientras tanto, en el INTA y el INTI estamos desarrollando en forma conjunta prototipos de alimentos con polvo de grillo. Ya hicimos panificados, barras de cereales y logramos elaborar pastas que cuentan con más de un 20% de proteínas”. En los fideos que encontramos en el supermercado, ese valor es del 7%.
El secretario general de la ONU, Antonio Guterres, alertó el lunes de las repercusiones de la guerra que libra Rusia en Ucrania, que podría resultar en “un huracán de hambruna” en muchos países.La detención de la producción agrícola en Ucrania y Rusia debido al conflicto golpeará “más duramente a los más pobres y sembrará semillas de inestabilidad política y malestar en todo el mundo”, subrayó Guterres a periodistas en Nueva York.
“Esta guerra afecta mucho más que a Ucrania”, agregó.
“Los precios de los cereales ya superaron los de principios de la Primavera Árabe y los disturbios por alimentos de 2007-2008”, afirmó, agregando que el índice mundial de precios de los alimentos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) “está en su mayor nivel jamás registrado”.
“Debemos hacer todo lo posible para evitar un huracán de hambruna y el colapso del sistema alimentario mundial”, subrayó Guterres.
Rusia y Ucrania son considerados ambos “el granero de cereales” del mundo.
En total, “45 países africanos y los menos desarrollados importan al menos un tercio de su trigo de Ucrania o Rusia; 18 de estos países importan al menos el 50%. Esto incluye países como Burkina Faso, Egipto, República Democrática del Congo, Líbano, Libia, Somalia, Sudán y Yemen”, dijo Guterres, quien volvió a pedir el fin de las hostilidades.
En tanto, el Secretario General Adjunto para Asuntos Humanitarios de la ONU, Martin Griffiths, anunció la liberación de 40 millones de dólares del Fondo Central de Respuesta a Emergencias (CERF) para Ucrania.
La guerra en ese país ya deja más de dos millones de desplazados, “pero muchos no pueden salir de sus hogares debido a los intensos combates en ciudades como Mariúpol, Jarkov y Kiev”, indicó un comunicado de su oficina, que registró “24 ataques a instalaciones sanitarias” hasta la fecha.
“Frente a esta crisis sombría, que empeora, movilizamos un esfuerzo de asistencia masivo”, dijo Griffiths.
Esos 40 millones de dólares “son esenciales para iniciar las operaciones” dijo, agregando que “una financiación rápida y flexible puede marcar la diferencia”.
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